Parental alcohol‐related disorders and school performance in 16‐year‐olds—a Swedish national cohort study

AIMS To study the links between parental alcohol-related disorders and offspring school performance and, specifically, whether associations vary by gender of parent or child and whether associations are mediated by other adverse psychosocial circumstances commonly appearing together with parental alcohol problems, such as parental mental health problems or criminal behaviour. DESIGN Register study in a national cohort. SETTING Sweden. PARTICIPANTS A total of 740 618 individuals born in Sweden in 1990-96. MEASUREMENTS Parental hospital admissions for alcohol-related disorders and school performance in their offspring, in the final year of compulsory school at age 15-16 years was analysed in relation to socio-demographic confounders and psychosocial covariates, using linear and logistic regressions. FINDINGS Both mothers' and fathers' alcohol-related hospital admissions were associated with lower Z-scores of grades and national mathematics tests scores. After adjustment for parental education and socio-demographic confounders, beta-coefficients of Z-scores of grades were -0.42 [95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.45, -0.39] and -0.42 (95% CI =  -0.43, -0.40), and beta-coefficients of mathematics tests scores were -0.36 (95% CI = -0.39, -0.33) and -0.31 (95% CI = -0.33, -0.29), for mothers' and fathers' alcohol-related disorders, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for not being eligible for secondary school were 1.99 (95% CI = 1.84-2.15) and 2.04 (95% CI = 1.95-2.15) for mothers' and fathers' alcohol-related disorders, respectively. Adjusting the analyses for psychosocial factors in the family almost eradicated the statistical effects of parental alcohol-related disorders on offspring school performance to beta-coefficients of 0.03 to -0.10 and ORs of 0.89-1.15. The effect of a mother's alcohol-related hospital admission on school performance was stronger in girls than in boys, whereas no gender differences were seen for a father's alcohol-related hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS In Sweden, alcohol-related disorders in both mothers and fathers are associated with lower school performance in their children at age 15-16 years, with most of the statistical effects being attributed to psychosocial circumstances of the family, such as parental psychiatric disorders, drug use and criminality and receipt of social or child welfare interventions.